Etching is an intaglio printmaking process in which lines or areas are incised using acid into a metal plate in order to hold the ink. In etching, the plate can be made of iron, copper, or zinc.
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To prepare the plate for etching, it is first polished to remove all scratches and imperfections from the surface. When the surface is completely smooth, it is covered evenly with a layer of acid-resistant varnish or wax, which is called the ground.
Using a blunt stylus called an etching needle, the printmaker gently scratches away parts of the ground following the design, thereby exposing the metal beneath.
Once the entire design has been drawn into the ground, acid is poured over the plate or the plate is dipped in acid.
The acid eats into the metal only in the exposed areas creating recesses that can retain ink. The depth and width of these recesses is determined by the length of time the plate is exposed to the acid: a longer exposure will cause deeper and wider recesses, which hold more ink and will thus print darker lines on paper.
This process can be used to create a nuanced tonal palette. To create darker tones, certain areas can be bathed in acid several times, while lighter areas are protected from further acid bite by covering them with ground. Once the plate has been satisfactorily bitten by the acid, the printmaker removes the ground with a solvent.
After the ground is removed, the plate is ready for inking. In an intaglio process, the ink is retained in the incised lines. A cloth ball, cardboard tab, or equivalent material is used to gently spread ink across the whole face of the plate; the same material is used to remove most of the excess ink from the surface. The plate is further cleaned using a tarlatan rag (heavily starched cheesecloth).
As a last measure, printmakers often use the sides of their hand to wipe away the last bits of ink. In certain cases, a printmaker can choose not to clean the plate entirely, but to leave a thin layer of ink on the plate to create tone.
Once the surface of the plate is wiped clean to a satisfactory level, the plate is placed on the bed of a rolling printing press, with the ink side up. Although some early intaglio prints appear to have been produced by simply pressing the paper against the plate with one's hands, in most cases the pressure required to force the paper into the finely cut lines entailed the use of a special press equipped with rollers.
Before the plate is moved through the press, it is covered with a sheet of dampened paper and then printing blankets, often made of felt, to soften the pressure on the metal plate.
Once printed onto its paper support, the etching's design appears in reverse of the original on the plate. The pressure of the press not only forces the ink onto the damp paper, but also produces an outline of the outer edges of the metal plate in the paper, known as a plate mark.
In every electronic circuit, resistors and capacitors are used as a passive component to resist and store electrical energy. Generally, Paper Capacitor is also known as condensers, which is made up of two conducting surfaces separated by an insulating material. This material is called the dielectric. Capacitors offer a low resistance path to A.C voltage and high resistance to D.C voltage from one circuit to another circuit. This capacitance of the circuit is stored in the form of an electric field. It opposes the flow of voltage in any electronic circuit and blocks the flow of direct current passing through it. Capacitors are manufactured with different packages, various types, and values based on the application.
Definition: Paper capacitor is also known as a Fixed capacitor, in which paper is used as a dielectric medium, that stores energy in the form of the electrical field. These capacitors are used at power line frequency with a capacitance value of 1nF to 1uF. It stores a fixed amount of electric charge.
A paper capacitor is made up of two metallic plates with a dielectric material paper between them. It has positive and negative plates. When a small amount of electric charge is applied over the plates, the positive charge is attracted to one plate and a negative charge is attracted to another plate. This electrical energy is stored in the form of the electrical field. This stored electrical energy is used by the discharging of a capacitor. These are available in the range of 500pF to 50nF. These offer high leakage currents.
The capacitance of the paper capacitor measured in terms of Farad’s(F). The capacitance range of this capacitor varies from 0.001 to 2.000 microfarad with a high voltage range of upto V. Initially, the paper is used between the two aluminum sheets as a dielectric medium. But, now other materials like plastic are also used. These capacitors are available in the range of 300 picofarads to 4 microfarads with a working voltage of 600 volts.
The construction of the paper capacitor is divided into two types.
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The construction of the paper sheet capacitor needs two aluminum sheets and a paper sheet. To protect from the outside environment, the paper sheet is covered with a wax or soaked with oil. Paper capacitors are the fixed capacitors that store a fixed amount of electric charge with a fixed capacitance value. The paper sheet placed between the aluminum sheets acts as a dielectric medium whereas aluminum acts as an electrode.
As the paper is a bad conductor of electricity, it doesn’t allow the flow of electric current between the aluminum sheets, which allows the electric field through it and acts as a barrier of electric current. The paper sheets and two aluminum sheets are rolled in the cylindrical shape and the entire cylinder is coated with wax or plastic resin to protect it from moisture in the air. The two-wire leads are taken from the ends of the two aluminum sheets.
In a metalized paper capacitor, the paper is coated with a thin layer of zinc or aluminum and rolled in the form of a cylinder. The entire cylinder is coated with wax to protect it from the environment. The metalized paper acts as electrodes and paper act as a dielectric medium. This kind of capacitor coated with zinc can be destroyed easily due to the chemical action. Hence, aluminum is widely used in construction. The size of the metalized paper capacitor is very small when compared to the size of the paper sheet capacitor. Because it has a very thin layer of aluminum when compared to the aluminium used in the paper sheet capacitor.
Paper capacitors are widely used in various applications such as,
The advantage of using a paper capacitor is that provides a fixed value of capacitance. The value of the capacitance is fixed during manufacturing.
The main disadvantage is, it absorbs moisture in the air and decreases the insulation resistance of the dielectric. As it absorbs moisture in the air, the dielectric medium is affected.
1). What is the Paper Capacitor used for?
A paper capacitor is an electronic device to store electrical energy in the form of an electric field. It is used in various high voltage and high current applications.
2). What is the Symbol of a Capacitor?
The passive electronic component used to store electric charges in the form of the electric field is called a capacitor. The capacitance is measured in Farads. When the capacitor has a larger capacitance, then it has the ability to store more electric charges.
3). What Metal is used in Capacitors?
The plates of the capacitor are made up of conducting material like Aluminum, tantalum, silver and other metals. The dielectric medium is made with insulating materials like paper, glass, rubber, ceramic or plastic depending upon the application.
4). What are the types of Capacitors?
There are 4 types of capacitors. They are,
5). How do you know if a capacitor is good?
To know the quality of the capacitor, we just need a digital multimeter with a high range and any one type of capacitor that is used in a device.
Connect the multimeter leads to the two ends of the capacitor plates. That is, connect the red lead of the multimeter to the positive plate of the capacitor and black leads to the negative plate. If the reading of the meter starts at zero and moves slowly towards infinity, then the capacitor is good.