The image—created by legendary Japanese artist Katsushika Hokusai nearly 200 years ago—has been turned into an emoji, is appearing on a Japanese bank note this year, and has inspired countless artists across decades.
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With the iconic artwork returning to the Art Institute’s galleries this fall (on view September 5–January 6), we’re taking a look—with help from Janice Katz, Roger L. Weston Associate Curator of Japanese Arts—at the facts behind the ever-fascinating work.
Katz notes, “People don’t always realize that it’s not a painting but a print that was commercially produced for the mass market. Originally thousands of copies and different editions were produced over a period of many years, even after the artist’s lifetime. And while only about 100 original prints are thought to survive to this day, the Art Institute is fortunate to have three prints of The Great Wave, all original editions.
It’s an English nickname. The title, which appears on the print in the upper left, is Kanagawa oki nami ura, which translates to Under the Wave off Kanagawa.
Japanese woodblock prints are particularly affected by exposure to light that can fade their colors and damage the paper they’re printed on. “It’s always a balancing act between wanting to show works like The Great Wave so that our visitors have a chance to experience them and preserving these works for the future,” Katz says. “We work closely with our conservators to set the parameters for the display of works on paper.”
Though rather diminutive in The Great Wave, the famous peak and still-active volcano is central to the print and the entire series, Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji, which captures the mountain from various angles, in different seasons, and in all sorts of weather. Sometimes the peak is clearly the star, almost filling the entire composition, and other times, like in The Great Wave, one has to hunt for it far off in the distance. The series was so successful that an additional 10 prints were added just a few years after the original 36, and eventually a three-volume book was published, One Hundred Views of Mount Fuji.
Because Japanese text is read from right to left, the earliest viewers of The Great Wave would have likely read the print that way too, first encountering the boaters and then meeting the great claw of water about to swallow them. So instead of riding along with the gargantuan wave as you might in a left-to-right reading, they would face right into the massive wall of ocean.
Both traditional indigo and the newly affordable Berlin blue—popularly known as “Prussian blue”—imported from Europe were used to create the many subtle shades of sea and sky. This captivating color, which would have been novel to many of the print’s original Japanese viewers, might be part of its appeal.
In his late 60s, just before the publisher Nishimuraya Yohachi commissioned Hokusai to produce a new series—what would become Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji—Hokusai had suffered a series of tragedies. He had a stroke, his wife died, and all the while, he was dealing with a grandson who was running up gambling debts that threatened the whole family’s financial situation.
“No money, no clothing, barely enough to eat,” he wrote. “If I can’t make some arrangement by the middle of next month, I won’t make it through the spring.” Obviously, an arrangement was made, and Hokusai, clearly boosted by the success of his Mount Fuji series, went on to say, “All I have done before the age of 70 is not worth bothering with,” implying that his best work was yet to come.
Mount Fuji had been viewed as a sacred site since ancient times, but the long-revered peak became more of a presence in many Japanese people’s lives when the capital of the country moved to Edo (present-day Tokyo). The unwalled city left residents with a clear, unobstructed view of the spiritual mountain. Devotees made pilgrimages up the mountain, and numerous smaller replicas, some as tall as 50 feet, were made for those who could not undertake the arduous journey up the actual peak.
One such large-scale painting of Mount Fuji—one of the earliest known to exist—is part of a pair of screens titled Mount Fuji and the Miho Pine Forest, made by renowned Japanese painter Soga Shо̄haku around –62. Shо̄haku was a mysterious figure, revered for his unusual subjects and eccentric painting style. In his screens, which just recently came into the museum’s collection and debuted in the galleries, Shо̄haku used almost entirely black ink to evocatively depict the landscape’s rocks, mountains, and trees—as well as the ephemeral, intangible wind, rain, and clouds.
Katz adds, “Mount Fuji is shown completely covered in snow in winter, and Shо̄haku painted it in the negative. The white of the mountain is the color of the bare paper, and the outlines of the peak are done with ink wash. This is one of the earliest and largest painted images of Mount Fuji in premodern times and a direct antecedent of Hokusai’s images of the mountain.”
Truly there are too many to count, so here’s just a few:
French composer Claude Debussy owned a copy of the print, and his composition The Sea (La Mer) was inspired by it. His first edition of the score used a detail of the print (no Fuji or boats) in muted colors as its cover.
Austrian poet Rainer Maria Rilke’s poem The Mountain is thought to have been inspired by the print.
Sculptor Camille Claudel replaced the boats in Hokusai’s image with three women holding hands in her onyx work The Wave or the Bathers.
It has been suggested that Vincent van Gogh was influenced by The Great Wave when creating his swirling and blue-heavy masterpiece The Starry Night.
I did not know that one could be so terrifying with blue and green…these waves are claws, the boat is caught in them, you can feel it.
—Vincent van Gogh
Letter to his brother Theo, September 8,
Modern and contemporary artists who were influenced by the work include Roy Lichtenstein, Andy Warhol, Loïs Mailou Jones, and Yoshitomo Nara—and more!
Zevin’s novel—this year’s pick for Chicago Public Library’s One Book, One Chicago—follows two once-estranged friends and gamers who reconnect and collaborate on what becomes a wildly popular video game. That game, Ichigo: A Child Lost at Sea, is inspired by The Great Wave, with the objective being to help the lost child find their way back, through various levels, to their parents.
The Great Wave, or rather a pixelated version of the image (once again minus Mount Fuji and the boats), also serves as the novel’s cover. Zevin said, “When I was writing the novel, I once dreamed the cover, and it looked very close to this. So, I think John Gall, the cover designer, must have crawled into my dreams.”
Picture Cookie Monster as the wave, the foam turning into bunnies, the water composed of dozens of pairs of Levi’s, or the wave carrying surfing cats, sleeping cats, frolicking cats, bored cats … so many cats. Or, just google it.
Now that you’re armed with all these fun factoids, be sure to catch the once-in-five-years appearance of The Great Wave in the Art Institute galleries. The print will be on view in the Andо̄ Gallery (107) September 5, , through January 6, .
Explore further with this self-guided tour, Hokusai’s Waves of Influence, and discover more artworks that inspired and were inspired by the famous artist.
Review Session Home - Topic Listing
Waves - Home || Printable Version || Questions with Links
Answers to Questions: All || #1-#14 || #15-#26 || #27-#38
1. A single disturbance that moves from point to point through a medium is called a ___.
a. period
b. periodic wave
c. wavelength
d. pulse
Useful Web Links What is a Wave?
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2. If the particles of the medium are vibrating to and fro in the same direction of energy transport, then the wave is a ____ wave.
a. longitudinal
b. sound
c. standing
d. transverse
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3. When the particles of a medium are vibrating at right angles to the direction of energy transport, then the wave is a ____ wave.
a. longitudinal
b. sound
c. standing
d. transverse
Useful Web Links Categories of Waves
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4. A transverse wave is traveling through a medium. See diagram below. The particles of the medium are vibrating _____.
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5. If the energy in a longitudinal wave travels from south to north, the particles of the medium would be vibrating _____.
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6. As a pulse travels though a uniform medium, the speed of the pulse ____.
Useful Web Links The Speed of a Wave
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7. The main factor which effects the speed of a sound wave is the ____.
Useful Web Links The Speed of a Wave
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8. As a wave travels into a medium in which its speed increases, its wavelength would ____.
Useful Web Links The Wave Equation
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9. As a wave passes across a boundary into a new medium, which characteristic of the wave would NOT change?
a. speed
b. frequency
c. wavelength
Useful Web Links The Speed of a Wave
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10. What is the amplitude of the wave in the diagram below?
a. 0.03 m.
b. 0.04 m.
c. 0.05 m.
d. 0.06 m.
Useful Web Links The Anatomy of a Wave
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11. The wavelength of the wave in the diagram above (Question #10) is ____ m.
a. 0.030
b. 0.040
c. 0.060
d. 0.080
Useful Web Links The Anatomy of a Wave
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12. A wave X meters long passes through a medium with a speed of Y meters per second. The frequency of the wave could be expressed as
a. Y/X cycles/sec.
b. X/Y cycles/sec.
c. XY cycles/sec.
d. (X + Y) cycles/sec.
Useful Web Links The Wave Equation
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Consider the following diagram for Questions #13-#14.
13. How many complete waves are shown in the diagram?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 1.5
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14. If the distance from point A to point B in the diagram is 60 cm, then the wavelength is ____.
a. 20 cm.
b. 40 cm.
c. 60 cm.
d. 90 cm.
Useful Web Links The Anatomy of a Wave
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15. The number of cycles of a periodic wave occurring per unit time is defined as a wave's ____.
a. wavelength.
b. period.
c. amplitude.
d. frequency.
Useful Web Links Frequency and Period of a Wave
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For more wave springsinformation, please contact us. We will provide professional answers.
16. A periodic and repeating disturbance in a lake creates waves which emanate outward from its source to produce circular wave patterns. If the frequency of the source is 2.00 Hz and the wave speed is 5.00m/s then the distance between adjacent wave crests is ___ meter.
Useful Web Links The Anatomy of a Wave | The Wave Equation
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17. What is the frequency of a wave that has a speed of 0.4 m/s and a wavelength of 0.020 meter?
a. 10 hertz.
b. 20 hertz.
c. 0.008 hertz.
d. 0.5 hertz.
Useful Web Links The Wave Equation
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18. Many wave properties are dependent upon other wave properties. Yet, one wave property is independent of all other wave properties. Which one of the following properties of a wave is independent of all the others?
a. wavelength
b. frequency
c. period
d. velocity
Useful Web Links The Speed of a Wave
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19. A pendulum makes exactly 40 vibrations in 20.0 s. Its period is ____. (Be cautious of the units.)
Useful Web Links Frequency and Period of a Wave[ #1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | #7 | #8 | #9 | #10 | #11 | #12 | #13 | #14 | #15 | #16 | #17 | #18 | #19 | #20 | #21 | #22 | #23 | #24 | #25 | #26 | #27 | #28 | #29 | #30 | #31 | #32 | #33 | #34 | #35 | #36 | #37 | #38 ]
20. A period of 0.005 seconds would be equivalent to a frequency of ____ Hz.
a. 20
b. 50
c. 200
d. 500
e.
Useful Web Links Frequency and Period of a Wave[ #1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | #7 | #8 | #9 | #10 | #11 | #12 | #13 | #14 | #15 | #16 | #17 | #18 | #19 | #20 | #21 | #22 | #23 | #24 | #25 | #26 | #27 | #28 | #29 | #30 | #31 | #32 | #33 | #34 | #35 | #36 | #37 | #38 ]
21. TRUE or FALSE:
The number of waves generated per second by a source is called the frequency of the source.
a. True
b. False
Useful Web Links Frequency and Period of a Wave
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22. TRUE or FALSE:
The SI unit for frequency is hertz.
a. True
b. False
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23. TRUE or FALSE:
Doubling the frequency of a wave source (without altering the medium) doubles the speed of the waves.
a. True
b. False
Useful Web Links The Wave Equation
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24. If the frequency of a wave is doubled and if the speed remains constant, its wavelength is ____.
a. quartered.
b. halved.
c. unchanged.
d. doubled.
Useful Web Links The Wave Equation
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25. Two different ropes with different mass densities are attached to each other. A pulse is introduced into one end of the rop and approaches the boundary as shown at the right. At the boundary, a portion of the energy is transmitted into the new medium and a portion is reflected. Which one of the diagrams below depicts the possible location and orientation of the pulse shortly after the incident pulse reaches the boundary?
Useful Web Links Boundary Behavior
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26. When a pulse reaches a boundary between two different media, it will be____.
a. reflected, only.
b. transmitted, only.
c. partly reflected and partly transmitted.
d. neither reflected nor transmitted.
Useful Web Links Boundary Behavior
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27. Diagram P at the right shows a transverse pulse traveling along a dense rope toward its junction with a less dense rope. Which of the diagrams (A, B, C, D, or E) below depicts the ropes at the instant that the reflected pulse again passes through its original position marked X? Consider such features as amplitude and relative speed (i.e., the relative distance of the transmitted and reflected pulses from boundary).
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28. A wave whose speed in a snakey is 4.4 m/s enters a second snakey. The wavelength changes from 2.0 m to 3.0 m. The wave in the second snakey travels at approximately ____.
Useful Web Links Boundary Behavior
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29. The diagram at the right shows a disturbance moving through a rope towards the right. If this disturbance meets a similar disturbance moving to the left, then which one of the diagrams below depict a pattern which could NEVER appear in the rope?
Useful Web Links Boundary Behavior
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30. A 2.0-meter long rope is hanging vertically from the ceiling and attached to a vibrator. A single pulse is observed to travel to the end of the rope in 0.50 s. What frequency should be used by the vibrator to maintain three whole waves in the rope?
Useful Web Links The Wave Equation
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31. A standing wave experiment is performed to determine the speed of waves in a rope. The standing wave pattern shown below is established in the rope. The rope makes exactly 90 complete vibrational cycles in one minute. The speed of the waves is ____ m/s.
Useful Web Links The Wave Equation
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32. Consider the standing wave pattern shown below. A wave generated at the left end of the medium undergoes reflection at the fixed end on the right side of the medium. The number of antinodes in the diagram is _____.
a. 3
b. 5
c. 6
d. 7
e. 12
Useful Web Links Nodes and Anti-nodes
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33. A node is a point located along the medium where there is always ___.
a. a double crest
b.
c. constructive interference
d. destructive interference
e. a double rarefaction
Useful Web Links Nodes and Anti-nodes
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34. TRUE or FALSE:
Constructive interference of waves occurs when two crests meet.
a. True
b. False
Useful Web Links Interference of Waves
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35. Which phenomenon is produced when two or more waves passing simultaneously through the same medium meet up with one another?
a. refraction
b. diffraction
c. interference
d. reflection
Useful Web Links Interference of Waves
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36. Two pulses are traveling in opposite directions along the same medium as shown in the diagram at the right. Which diagram below best depicts the appearance of the medium when each pulse meets in the middle?
Useful Web Links Interference of Waves
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37. TRUE or FALSE:
A vibrating object is necessary for the production of sound.
a. True
b. False
Useful Web Links Sound is a Mechanical Wave
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38. Which one of the following CANNOT transmit sound?
a. Liquid air
b. Gaseous oxygen
c. Liquid water
d. Solid steel
e. Perfect vacuum
Useful Web Links Sound is a Mechanical Wave
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